(Previously published on December 17, 2010. I republished it because understanding different modes of physical weathering is an important part of Physical Geology. More time on Physical Weathering was spent on this post. from March 6, 2020.)I am sure that many folks have seen rounded boulders before. Have you given much thought to how they got rounded?
One possibility is that the boulders were rounded in a river channel subject to "big ass" floods, necessary to move and abraid the boulders against each other.
But more often, the boulders are rounded in situ (in place) by a process called spheroidal weathering. On the Georgia Piedmont, most often we see spheroidal weathering in granites and granitic gneisses.
A couple of other places to see spheroidal weathering of granites is the I-10 rest stops in the Little Dragoon Mts. in Cochise County, southeastern Arizona (I think the westbound rest stop is the better of the two for photographs), and the Alabama Hills, near Lone Pine, California (a backdrop for numerous western movies).
One possibility is that the boulders were rounded in a river channel subject to "big ass" floods, necessary to move and abraid the boulders against each other.
But more often, the boulders are rounded in situ (in place) by a process called spheroidal weathering. On the Georgia Piedmont, most often we see spheroidal weathering in granites and granitic gneisses.
A couple of other places to see spheroidal weathering of granites is the I-10 rest stops in the Little Dragoon Mts. in Cochise County, southeastern Arizona (I think the westbound rest stop is the better of the two for photographs), and the Alabama Hills, near Lone Pine, California (a backdrop for numerous western movies).
Figure 1. Spheroidal weathering in the Texas Canyon Granite, Little Dragoon Mts.
An additional place where I have seen spheroidal weathering, of volcanic ash-flow tuffs, is in the City of Rocks State Park in New Mexico. [I may place a photo in a later post of this particular place.] With the softer ash-flow tuffs, wind erosion may have also played a role in rounding the boulders, in that particular locale.
What is destined to become rounded boulders starts off as fractured bedrock, broken by what we call brittle deformation. At depth, with the greater confining pressure and heat, rocks become plastic (softened) and undergo folding, stretching, and other forms of ductile deformation. At shallower depths, without the confining pressure and the flexibility provided by the higher temperatures, the rocks become fractured and jointed during earthquakes and other heavings of the earth, leaving angular corners.
Figure 2. Texas Canyon Granite, showing some of the joints and fractures
As weathering and erosion proceed over the countless millennia, the downward percolating water and natural acids attack the minerals on the outer margins of the rock, by way of the joints and fractures - in the shallow subsurface. The chemical breakdown of minerals by chemical reactions is called chemical weathering. There are several chemical weathering processes, the one that attacks the feldspars in the granites is primarily hydrolysis.
In areas prone to occasional freezing, the expansion of ice in the fractures (and microfractures) provide even more surface area. This is one process in what we call physical weathering.
Over time, the combined processes of physical and chemical weathering attack the corners of the rock, rounding them off. As erosion carries away overlying soil and degraded rock, the boulders become exposed, wherein the processes of chemical and physical weathering continue, yielding the rounded boulders as seen in the photo.
[The scars seen on the photos at top are likely from the bulldozers used to "gather" the boulders during construction at the nearby Nature Center parking lot.]
As weathering and erosion proceed over the countless millennia, the downward percolating water and natural acids attack the minerals on the outer margins of the rock, by way of the joints and fractures - in the shallow subsurface. The chemical breakdown of minerals by chemical reactions is called chemical weathering. There are several chemical weathering processes, the one that attacks the feldspars in the granites is primarily hydrolysis.
In areas prone to occasional freezing, the expansion of ice in the fractures (and microfractures) provide even more surface area. This is one process in what we call physical weathering.
Over time, the combined processes of physical and chemical weathering attack the corners of the rock, rounding them off. As erosion carries away overlying soil and degraded rock, the boulders become exposed, wherein the processes of chemical and physical weathering continue, yielding the rounded boulders as seen in the photo.
[The scars seen on the photos at top are likely from the bulldozers used to "gather" the boulders during construction at the nearby Nature Center parking lot.]
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